1. Pendahuluan
Medan, kedannews.com – Kata manajemen selalu saja kita dengar dalam suatu kegiatan, baik kegiatan di suatu organisasi, kegiatan di suatu perusahaan maupun kegiatan kita sendiri. Selalu saja kita dengar dari perkataan teman-teman kita, semuanya di manajemen saja agar terlaksana dengan baik. Dari perkataan di manajemen saja agar terlaksana dengan baik, berarti manajemen itu di butuhkan, dan menyimak perkataan agar terlaksana dengan baik berarti manajemen dibutuhkan agar tertata, teratur, terjadwal sesuai keinginan. Keinginan bisa saja keinginan bersama ataupun keinginan pribadi.
Kita menyadari perkataan manajemen itu terucap, tetapi terkadang kita tidak memahami apa itu manajemen. Perkataan tersebut terucap dengan yakin pada diri bahwasanya manajemen itu suatu yang baik untuk suatu kegiatan. Pastinya dengan manajemen kegiatan tersebut terlaksana dengan baik. Maka dengan hal tersebut, alangkah baiknya kita memahami manajemen, baik memahami pengertian manajemen, fungsi dan tujuan manajemen serta seluruh yang mencakup ruang lingkup manajmen. Sebelum kita memahami pengertian manajemen, fungsi dan tujuan serta seluruh ruang lingkup manajemen, alangkah baiknya kita pahami asal usul atau sumber mulanya manajemen tersebut. Ataupun yang disebut sejarah manajemen.
2. Sejarah Manajemen (Manajemen Awal)
Begitu banyak para peneliti-peneliti atau yang disebut para ahli yang berkecimpung dalam melacak sejarah-sejarah tentang manajemen untuk mengetahui asal mulanya manajemen tersebut, tetapi mereka mengalami kesulitan. Pelacakan-pelacakan sejarah itu dilakukan agar mengetahui asal mulanya Manajemen tersebut dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penelitian dengan arti bahwasanya sejarah itu penting. Berbeda halnya seperti perkataan Henry Ford yaitu “Sejarah itu lebih kurang adalah omong kosong. Ternyata dia salah, sejarah itu penting dan dengan sejarah dapat sebagai bahan dasar penelitian serta dasar-dasar ilmu manajemen.
2.I. Manajemen Awal
Manajemen telah dilakukan sejak jaman dahulu kala. Suatu bentuk yang terkordinasi yang dipimpin oleh penguasa atau yang ditunjuk oleh penguasa sebagai pemimpin suatu kegiatan dengan metode-metode terdahulu atas seluruh aktivitas-aktuvitas baik perencanaan, pengorganisasian, kepemimpinan dan pengendalian serta pengontrolan. Semuanya dilakukan untuk pencapaian yang dimaksud. Jadi kesemuanya telah ada ribuan tahun yang lalu.
2.II. Contoh-contoh Manajemen Awal
A. Sebagai contoh telah terbukti manajemen itu telah ada jauh sebelumnya. Pada bukti-bukti sejarah telah terbangunnya Candi Borobudur di Jawa Tengah Negara Indonesia, Piramida-piramida di Mesir, Tembok Raksasa Cina ini adalah bukti nyata bahwasanya Manajemen telah muncul pada jaman tersebut. Mengapa demikian?, membangun suatu Candi Borobudur, Piramida atau Tembok Raksasa Cina yang megah itu harus dibutuhkan sistem pengaturan. Mungkin saja pada zaman tersebut beda sebutannya pada Manajemen. Suatu Candi Borobudur, Piramida dan Tembok Raksasa Cina tersebut dibangun dengan sistem pengaturan yang baik, seperti halnya pengaturan pekerjanya, bahan bakunya, tempatnya, jadwalnya, semuanya diatur dengan baik agar terwujud Candi Borobudur, Piramida dan Tembok Raksasa Cina yang kokoh sesuai yang di kehendaki. Kesemuanya itu merupakan bukti-bukti nyata serta jelas menunjukan bahwa proyek-proyek berskala tinggi itu mempekerjakan puluhan ribu manusia bahkan lebih pernah dijalankan dan berhasil diselesaikan di zaman dahulu itu atau sering disebut zaman kuno.
Sebagai contoh bukti nyata Manajemen itu telah ada di zaman dahulu kala, diterangkan lebih terperinci lagi yaitu :
- Berdiri kokohnya Candi Borobudur di Jawa Tengah Negara Indonesia yang di yakini ribuan tahun telah berdiri. Itu adalah bukti nyata bangunan yang di bangun dengan ada nya tujuan yang direncanakan, dengan persiapan bahan baku, persiapan pekerjanya dan sebagainya, serta di pimpin oleh pemimpin yang sudah dipilih dan diyakini dapat memimpin pembangunan Candi tersebut. Jadi manajemen itu sudah ada pada terdahalu kala.
- Bangunan piramida Mesir adalah contoh yang luar biasa pembangunan sebuah piramida melibatkan lebih dari 100.000 orang pekerja dan berlangsung selama 20 tahun. Itu adalah bukti nyata bangunan yang di bangun dengan adanya tujuan yang direncanakan, dengan persiapan bahan baku, persiapan pekerjanya, pengorganisasiannya, pengawasannya serta di pimpin oleh pemimpin yang sudah dipilih dan diyakini dapat memimpin pembangunan Piramida tersebut tersebut. Jadi jelas manajemen itu sudah ada pada terdahalu kala.
- Di kota Venesia, Italia pada era 1.400an merupakan Pusat perdagangan dan perekonomian dibenua Eropa pada masa itu. Orang-orang Venesia telah mengembangkan siklus ekonomi berupa rotasi pasar yang telah terlaksana seperti halnya pada masa sekarang ini. Didalam kegiatan pasar adanya perencanaan, pengelolaan produk, pengorganisasian, pengawasan, ini semua adalah bentuk manajemen. Jelas sudah manajemen telah ada di jaman itu.
2.III. Adam Smith Adam Smith menerbitkan karyanya yang berjudul “The Wealth Of Nations, pada tahun 1776. Didalam tulisan tersebut Adam Smith menggagas kan keunggulan yang dapat diraih suatu organisasi dan masyarakat pada umumnya dari penerapan pembagian kerja (spesialisasi kerja). Seperti contoh pada industri jarum jahit, Adam Smith mengklaim bahwa 10 orang pekerja setiap pekerjanya dapat mengerjakan sebuah tugas yang spesifik secara bersamaan memproduksi 48.000 buah jarum perhari. Praktek-praktek tersebut adalah teori pembagian kerja pada pekerja. Jelas proses-proses manajemen telah di lakukan pada masa itu yang di sebut Pembagian Kerja (Division Of Labor) atau Spesialisasi kerja yaitu pemisahan-pemisahan pekerjaan menjadi tugas-tugas yang beruang lingkup sempit dan dilakukan berulang-ulang.
2.IV. Revolusi Industri Pada akhir abad ke 18 terjadi lah Revolusi Industri, ketika tenaga mesin telah banyak menggantikan para pekerja. Dengan pertimbangan nilai-nilai ekonomis apabila menggunakan mesin pengganti pekerja dan dilakukan di pabrik-pabrik. Di ruang lingkup pabrik-pabrik ini akan terjadi proses pengelolaan bahan baku, proses perencanaan, proses pengorganisasian, pengkordiniran serta pengawasan seluruh ruang lingkup pabrik. Di zaman inilah telah terjadi revolusi industri. Yang mana Revolusi Industri ialah suatu masa, atau periode waktu, di akhir abad kedelapan belas ketika tenaga mesin telah banyak menggeser peran tenaga manusia, yang menjadikan lebih ekonomis untuk memproduksi (memanufaktur) barang dipabrik-pabrik dibanding di rumah-rumah.
Referensi : – Manajemen (Robbins Coulter) Hal 28,29
Penulis : Aris Harianto, SE., MM
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